A Treatise on Painting, by Leonardo da Vinci
1721
Senex and Taylor, London
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The Members of a Body, must be so managed, as that they may produce the Effect, intended, by the Figure, in the most graceful Manner; Thus, in representing a Figure that may appear noble and generous, observe that its Members be slender and genteel, the Muscles not too bold and apparent, but even those which Necessity requires to be seen, touch'd with Softness and Delicacy; the Members, and especially the Arms, must not appear stiff and obstinate, that is, they must not be stretch'd out in right Lines with the others Members to which they are joyn'd; and if it be found necessary, on account of the Position of the Figure, that the right Haunch be seen higher than the Left, let the left Shoulder be higher than the Right; and let its Joncture hang perpendicularly over the most elevated part of the Haunch: Let the Hole of the Neck, be always directly over the middle of the Joncture of the Foot on which the Figure rests; and let the Leg which does not support the Body, have its Knee lower than the other Knee, and drawn near the other Leg. As to the Attitudes of the Head and the Arms, they are infinite, and therefore not to be brought within the Compass of Rules: All I think necessary here to intimate, is, that they must be Free, Natural and Various; and that without these Qualifications, the Members will appear no better than so many Pieces of Wood.